ARTICLE
The White gaze in racial stereotype research: Sample bias and its consequences
Cong Peng,
Paton Pak Chun Yam,
Peter Gries,
Corresponding Author
Cong Peng
Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
Correspondence
Cong Peng, N832, 567 West Yangsi Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200124, China.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Data curation, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorPaton Pak Chun Yam
School of Applied Social Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
Contribution: Methodology, Data curation, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Gries
Manchester China Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, China
Contribution: Methodology, Data curation, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorCong Peng,
Paton Pak Chun Yam,
Peter Gries,
Corresponding Author
Cong Peng
Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
Correspondence
Cong Peng, N832, 567 West Yangsi Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200124, China.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Data curation, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorPaton Pak Chun Yam
School of Applied Social Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
Contribution: Methodology, Data curation, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Gries
Manchester China Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, China
Contribution: Methodology, Data curation, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 19 April 2025
Abstract
Existing research on racial stereotypes predominantly relies upon White subjects, exploring their perceptions of Blacks and Asians. Do its findings generalize beyond Whites? To find out, we combined insights from the Stereotype Content Model and Gendered-race Theory, exploring the racial stereotypes of Whites, Blacks and Asians simultaneously as both perceivers and targets. In two studies involving White, Black and Asian Americans (Study 1, N = 702), and surveys in Australia, Japan, South Korea and China (Study 2, N = 6508), we found both similarities and differences in how racial groups perceive each other. Asians were consistently seen as more competent but less athletic, while Blacks were seen as more athletic but less competent. Whites fell between these poles. But each group differed in viewing their own race as warmer than other races, suggesting ingroup favoritism. This research demonstrates that diverse racial samples are needed for a less Eurocentric and more accurate understanding of racial stereotypes.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
All data, materials and analysis code for all studies are available on the Open Science Framework page https://osf.io/jk3bv.
Supporting Information
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| bjso12889-sup-0001-AppendixS1.pdfPDF document, 289.3 KB |
Appendix S1. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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