Diversifying the bench: A commentary on Berryessa, Dror, and McCormack (2022)
This article relates to:
-
Prosecuting from the bench? Examining sources of pro-prosecution bias in judges
- Volume 28Issue 1Legal and Criminological Psychology
- pages: 1-14
- First Published online: September 12, 2022
Corresponding Author
Margaret Bull Kovera
Department of Psychology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
Correspondence
Margaret Bull Kovera, Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 W. 59th Street, New York, NY, 10019, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Supervision, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorJacqueline Katzman
Department of Psychology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
Contribution: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Margaret Bull Kovera
Department of Psychology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
Correspondence
Margaret Bull Kovera, Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 W. 59th Street, New York, NY, 10019, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Supervision, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorJacqueline Katzman
Department of Psychology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
Contribution: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorCONFLICT OF INTEREST
All authors declare no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
- Bergold, A. N., & Kovera, M. B. (2022). Diversity's impact on the quality of deliberations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48(9), 1406–1420. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211040960
- Berryessa, C. M., Dror, I. E., & McCormack, B. (2022). Prosecution from the bench? Examining sources of pro-prosecution bias in judges. Legal and Criminological Psychology.
- Brennan Center for Justice. (2022). Judicial selection: An interactive map . https://brennancenter.org/judicial-selection-map
- Darley, J. M., & Gross, P. H. (1983). A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 20–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.20
- Dupree, C. H., & Kraus, M. W. (2022). Psychological science is not race neutral. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(1), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620979820
-
Eisenberg, T., Hannaford-Agor, P. L., Hans, V. P., Waters, N. L., Munsterman, G. T., Schwab, S. J., & Wells, M. T. (2005). Judge-jury agreement in criminal cases: A partial replication of Kalven and Zeisel's the American jury
. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 2(1), 171–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-1461.2005.00035.x
10.1111/j.1740-1461.2005.00035.x Google Scholar
- Ely, R. J., & Thomas, D. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 229–273. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667087
- Engen, R. L., & Steen, S. (2000). The power to punish: Discretion and sentencing reform in the war on drugs. American Journal of Sociology, 105(5), 1357–1395. https://doi.org/10.1086/210433
- Farrell, A., Ward, G., & Rousseau, D. (2009). Race effects of representation among federal court workers: Does black workforce representation reduce sentencing disparities? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 623(1), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716208331128
- Federal Judicial Center. (2022). Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present. https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/search/advanced-search
- Forscher, P. S., Lai, C. K., Axt, J. R., Ebersole, C. R., Herman, M., Devine, P. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(3), 522–559. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000160
- Furman v. Georgia. (1972). 408 US 238.
- Gregg v. Georgia. (1976). 428 US 153.
- Hakstian, A.-M., Evett, S. R., Hoffmann, J. S., Marshall, J. M., Boyland, E. A. L., & Williams, J. D. (2022). Racial diversity and group decision-making in a mock jury experiment. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 1–40, 1253–1292. https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12335
- Kovera, M. B. (2019). Racial disparities in the criminal justice system: Prevalence, causes, and a search for solutions. Journal of Social Issues, 75(4), 1139–1164. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12355
- Kovera, M. B., & Evelo, A. J. (2021). Diversity will benefit eyewitness science. Journal of Research in Applied Memory and Cognition, 10(3), 363–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.08.006
- Lai, C. K., Marini, M., Lehr, S. A., Cerruti, C., Shin, J.-E. L., Joy-Gaba, J. A., Ho, A. K., Teachman, B. A., Wojcik, S. P., Koleva, S. P., Frazier, R. S., Heiphetz, L., Chen, E. E., Turner, R. N., Haidt, J., Kesebir, S., Hawkins, C. B., Schaefer, H. S., Rubichi, S., … Nosek, B. A. (2014). Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(4), 1765–1785. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036260
- Lai, C. K., Skinner, A. L., Cooley, E., Murrar, S., Brauer, M., Devos, T., Calanchini, J., Xiao, Y. J., Pedram, C., Marshburn, C. K., Simon, S., Blanchar, J. C., Joy-Gaba, J. A., Conway, J., Redford, L., Klein, R. A., Roussos, G., Schellhaas, F. M. H., Burns, M., … Nosek, B. A. (2016). Reducing implicit racial preferences: II. Intervention effectiveness across time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(8), 1001–1016. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000179
- Mueller, J. C. (2020). Racial ideology or racial ignorance? An alternative theory of racial cognition. Sociological Theory, 38(2), 142–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275120926197
-
Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175 Google Scholar
- O'Brien, B. (2009). Prime suspect: An examination of factors that aggravate and counteract confirmation bias in criminal investigations. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 15(4), 315–334. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017881
- Otgaar, H., de Ruiter, C., Howe, M. L., Hoetmer, L., & van Reekum, P. (2017). A case concerning children's false memories of abuse: Recommendations regarding expert witness work. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(3), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2016.1230924
-
Otgaar, H., Howe, M. L., & Dodier, O. (2022). What can expert witnesses reliably say about memory in the courtroom? Forensic Science International: Mind and Law, 3, 100106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100106
10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100106 Google Scholar
- Pennington, N., & Hastie, R. (1992). Explaining the evidence: Tests of the story model for juror decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(2), 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.189
- Pew Research Center. (2022). Biden has appointed more federal judges than any president since JFK at this point in his tenure. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/08/09/biden-has-appointed-more-federal-judges-than-any-president-since-jfk-at-this-point-in-his-tenure/
- Redding, R. E., & Reppucci, N. D. (1999). Effects of lawyers' socio-political attitudes on their judgments of social science in legal decision making. Law and Human Behavior, 23(1), 31–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022322706533
-
Robbennolt, J. K., & Eisenberg, T. (2017). Juries compared with what? The need for a baseline and attention to real-world complexity. In M. B. Kovera (Ed.), The psychology of juries (pp. 109–129). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000026-006
10.1037/0000026-006 Google Scholar
- Rodriguez, D. N., & Berry, M. A. (2016). Sensitizing potential jurors to variations in eyewitness evidence quality using counterfactual thinking. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(4), 600–612. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3233
- Serino, K. (2022). How having a former public defender on the Supreme Court could be ‘revolutionary’. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/few-public-defenders-become-federal-judges-ketanji-brown-jackson-would-be-the-supreme-courts-first
- Sommers, S. R. (2006). On racial diversity and group decision making: Identifying multiple effects of racial composition on jury deliberations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(4), 597–612. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.597
- Steffensmeier, D., & Demuth, S. (2000). Ethnicity and sentencing outcomes in U.S. Federal Courts: Who is punished more harshly? American Sociological Review, 65(5), 705–729. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657543
- Swarns, C. (2022). Former innocence project attorney Nina Morrison became a judge this week. Here's why it matters to the criminal legal system. Innocence Project. https://innocenceproject.org/former-innocence-project-attorney-nina-morrison-became-a-judge-this-week-heres-why-it-matters-to-the-criminal-legal-system/
- Washington v. State of Maryland. (2022). No. 0739-2021 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Mar. 24, 2022).